IX Chapter: Improvement in food resources Notes for Quick study

Contents :	Learning Objectives
1. Animal husbandry – management of animal livestock, its need. 2. Cattle farming – milch animals, draught animals, Exotic breeds. 3. Animal husbandry (continued) 4. Poultry farming – improves and enhances egg production and chicken meat. 5. Fish production – It is cheap source of protein (i) Marine fisheries (ii) Inland fisheries 6. Bee keeping – source of honey and wax	The students will understand: 1. Need for the management of livestock. 2. Need and ways of improving production of poultry, fish and honey. Key Term Breed, livestock, Poultry, fisheries, pasturage.

KEY CONCEPTS : [ *rating as per the significance of concept] CONCEPTS	RATING
Improvement in crop yield	***
Crop variety improvement	****
Crop production management	*****
Crop protection management	***
Animal Husbandry	****

1. Food Resources: Cereals (Wheat, rice, maize, millets and sorghum) provide us carbohydrates; Pulses (Grams, pea and lentil) provide us proteins; Oil seeds (Soya bean, ground nut, sesame, and castor) provide us fats; Vegetables, spices and fruits provide us a range of minerals, nucleic acids and vitamins. In addition to these food crops, fodder crops like berseem, oats or sudan grass are raised as food for the livestock are called as fodder crops.

2. The Kharif crops: The crops grown in rainy season are called as Kharif crops (Paddy, Soya bean, pigeon pea and maize). They are grown from June to October.

3. The Rabi crops: The crops grown in winter season are called Rabi crops (Wheat, gram, peas, and mustard). They are grown November to April.

Compare Kharif crops and Rabi crops:

SN	Crop	Season	Example
1	Kharif crops	June to October ( Rainy Season)	Paddy, Soya bean, and maize
2	Rabi crops	November to April ( winter season)	Wheat, gram, peas, and mustard

4. The Green Revolution: Food supplies are generally as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, nucleic acids and vitamins in all living organisms. Indian population is growing enormously. Green Revolution is the need of the hour to increase food-grain production.

5. Sustainable Practices: For sustained livelihood, one should undertake mixed farming, intercropping, and integrated farming practices, for example, combining agriculture with livestock/ poultry/ fisheries/bee-keeping. The major group of activities for improving crop yield can be classified as: Crop varietal improvement, Crop production improvement, Crop protection improvement

6. The Crop varietal improvement:

a) Hybridization: It refers to crossing between genetically dissimilar plants;It is all to get higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, change in maturity duration, wider adaptability and desirable agronomic characteristics.

SN	Type	Context
1	Intervarietal Hybridization	between different varieties
2	Interspecific Hybridization	between different species
3	Intergeneric Hybridization	between different genera
4	Genetically Modified Crops (GMC).	Another way of improving the crop is by introducing a gene that would provide the desired characteristic.

7. The Crop production improvement: They include” no cost production”,” low cost production” or “high cost production” practices.

a) Nutrients ( Sixteen elements are required for growth are called as essential elements Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen+ Macronutrients & Micronutrients. They increase the yield):

SN	Macronutrient	Micronutrient
1	Six elements are required in larger quantity	Other seven elements are required in small quantity
2	Ex.Nitrogen, phosphorus, calsium,Postasium, magnisium, sulphur	Ex. Iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, chlorine

b)Manure & Fertilizers:

SN	Manure		Fertilizers
1	Manure is prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste is called as Humus. It decides the texture of the soil. Compost: Farm waste, cow dung etc. Vermi compost: Compost prepared by using earthworms.		Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients. Excess fertilizers destroy the soil fertility. Organic farming: No use of chemicals fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc.( Culturing blue green algae, neem leaves, healthy cropping systems.
2	It is cheap and prepared in rural homes and fields		It is costly and is prepared in factories
3	It is voluminous and bulky		It is compact and concentrated
4	It is inconvenient to store, transport, handle.		It is easy to store, transport, handle.
5.	It is not nutrient specific.		It is nuteient specific and can provide specifically nitrogen, phosphorus etc.
6. Add great humus to the soil		7. Does not add humus to the soil.

3. Irrigation: India has variety of water resources: Wells, canals, river lift system, tanks, rainwater harvesting, water shedding management to increase in ground water levels and to check the water flowing away to the sea. Planning to reduce soil erosion.

4. Cropping patterns:

SN	Mixed cropping	Inter-cropping	Crop rotation
1	Two or more crops grown simultaneously on the same piece of land	Two or more crops grown simultaneously on the same piece of land in a definite pattern	Growing different crops on a piece of land in a pre-planned succession
2	Ex. Wheat+ Gram; Wheat+ Mustard; Wheat+ gram; Groundnut+ sunflower.	Soyabean + maize/bajra+Cowpea ((Please refer Fig. 15.2, NCERT Text Book Page- 208).	Two or three crops can be grown in a year depending upon the duration.

3

A type of insurance against failure of one of the crops.

A few rows of one crop alternate with a few rows of a second crop. Crops are selected such that their nutrient requirements are different. This ensures the maximum utilization of the nutrients supplied and prevents pests and diseases spreading in the crop field.

The availability of moisture and irrigation facilities decides the choice of the crop to be cultivated.

8. Crop protection improvement/ management: Field crops are infested by large number of weeds, insects pests, diseases & storage of grains

SN	Content	Cattle farming	Poultry farming	Fish farming	Bee Keeping.
1	Purpose	Milk (milch animals) and draught labor (draught animals) in agriculture.	Meat, chicken, egg production	Cheep source of animal protein. Fish production is aquaculture. Growing of marine fishes is called mariculture.	Honey, wax, medicinal preparations. Additional income to the farmer.

2	Cross breeding: To get desired qualities	Exotic- quality of lactation Indigenous breeds- quality of disease resistance	Exotic & Indigenous breeds	Both Exotic & Indigenous fishes are used	Exotic- high honey collection capacity &stingless. Indigenous bees- are used
3	Desirable maintenance	Good ventilation in sheds Roughage/ concentrates Protection from parasites & skin diseases Vaccination	Good ventilation in sheds Roughage/ concentrates Protection from parasites & skin diseases Vaccination	Fish farming/ locating large schools of fish/ use of satellites and echo-sounds In Composite fish culture seed is wild, mixed with other species. Hormonal stimulation to bring desired quality in fish production.	Value or quality depends upon the pasturage or the flowers available for the taste of honey.
4	Example	Exotic or foreign breeds ( Jercy, brown Swiss) Local breeds (Red sindhi, Sahiwal)	Exotic- Leghorn Indigenous breeds- Aseel	Fresh water ( Macrobrachium) & Marine( Peneaus) prawns Fresh water fishes Marine fishes( Bombay duck, sardines) Common	Apisceranaindica dorsata A.florae

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